SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT

The subject and the verb must agree in number: both must be singular or both must be plural. Students have problems with subject verb agreement when the verb is a form of be or have, or when the verb is in present tense.

Rules for subject verb agreement

1. When words like the following are used as subjects, they take singular verb.

Everybody	Anybody	Somebody	Nobody	Each
Everyone	Anyone	Someone	No one	Either
Everything	Anything	Something	Nothing	Neither

Everybody knows the answer.

Nobody speaks German here.

Somebody was in the room.

2. When every and each come before a singular subject joined by and, the verb is singular.

Every man and woman has the right to vote.

Each student and teacher was aware of the difficulty.

3. Prepositional phrases that come between the subject and the verb do not change the number of the subject.

The teacher as well as the students was working on the problem.

The mother together with her children is waiting.

Some examples of prepositional phrases that function like that are:

As well as

In addition to

Together with

Along with

Except

4. When the verb comes before the subject as in there or here sentences, it agrees with the subject that immediately follows the verb.

There is a tree in the garden.

There are many trees in the garden.

There is a pine tree and some oaks in the garden.

There goes the cat.

There seems to be a relationship.

There arise problems.

There arises a problem.

5. “Introductory it” is always singular.

It is my sister who works in the hospital.

It is my cats which cause the trouble.

6. Subjects joined by and take a plural verb (except for number 2).

My sister and brother live in Berlin.

Both the teacher and the student were surprised.

7. Several, many, both, few are plural words and take a plural verb.

Both are happy with the grades they got.

Many were lost on the way.

Few have done their homework.

8. Some nouns are always plural and always take a plural verb.

• Trousers, pants, slacks, shorts, briefs, jeans
• Glasses, sunglasses
• Scissors, pliers, tweezers

My jeans are old.

This year shorts are in fashion.

Where are my scissors?

9. Some words such as none, any, all, more, most, some, majority, half may take either singular or plural verbs depending on the meaning.

All the money has been spent.

All of the students know the answer.

10. When subjects are joined by words such as neither, either, not only the verb must agree with the closer subject.

Either the man or his wife knows the answer.

Either the man or his friends know the answer.

Either the children or the man knows the answer.

11. Collective nouns are usually singular when regarded as a unit.

My family lives in Ankara.

Our team has won every game this year.

Sometimes when the members are seen as functioning independently, these collective nouns may be plural.

My family have a lot of money. (members of my family)

Our team are working hard to win every game they play. (team members)

· Some collective nouns in this group are:

Family, team, crew, class, government, committee

12. Some nouns have the same singular and plural form. They take singular or plural verb depending on the meaning.

This species of monkeys lives only in India.

There are many species of monkeys.

· Some nouns in this group are:

Species, series, deer, fish, sheep

13. Expressions stating amount of time, money, weight, volume are plural in form but take a singular verb as in:

Three weeks is a long time.

Two hundred dollars is a lot of money.

14. Some nouns look plural with –s but they take a singular verb.

Sciences	Abstract nouns	Diseases
Physics Mathematics Statistics Economics	News Politics Ethics	Measles Mumps

Maths is found difficult by many students.

Statistics requires complicated methods.

15. Generic references with the require plural verb.

The rich are not always happy.

The young like to listen to loud music.

The old hate loud music.

The English are distant and the French are humorous.

16. Note the use of foreign plurals.

Singular	Plural
Analysis Thesis Crisis Basis Parenthesis	Analyses Theses Crises Bases Parentheses
Curriculum Memorandum Datum Bacterium Medium	Curricula Memoranda Data Bacteria Media
Criterion Phenomenon	Criteria Phenomena
Stimulus Radius Syllabus	Stimuli Radii Syllabi

17. Don’t forget that some common English words have irregular plurals.

Plural	Singular
Child Person	Children People

18. A relative pronoun takes a singular or plural verb depending on which noun it modifies.

Lisa is one of the students who have passed with an A. (Many students passed with an A, Lisa is one of them.)

Lisa is the only one of my students who has passed with an A. (Only Lisa passed with an A.)

Some of the rules for subject verb agreement in this paper have been adapted from “Building Skills for the TOEFL” by C. King and N. Stanley, Nelson, 1989

Written by Zeliha Gulcat, July 2004